{"id":682,"date":"2025-03-11T20:56:26","date_gmt":"2025-03-12T03:56:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/othonia.org\/?post_type=deep-dives-article&p=682"},"modified":"2025-04-23T08:56:52","modified_gmt":"2025-04-23T15:56:52","slug":"como-funcionaban-las-primeras-camaras","status":"publish","type":"deep-dives-article","link":"https:\/\/othonia.org\/es\/deep-dives-article\/how-early-cameras-worked\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00f3mo funcionaban las primeras c\u00e1maras"},"content":{"rendered":"

Conceptos b\u00e1sicos <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Las primeras c\u00e1maras, tambi\u00e9n conocidas como c\u00e1maras oscuras, consist\u00edan en una caja con un peque\u00f1o orificio en uno de sus lados o en la parte superior. La luz de una escena exterior pasaba a trav\u00e9s del orificio e incid\u00eda en una superficie interior, como una placa de cristal. En esta superficie se reproduc\u00eda la escena, invertida (al rev\u00e9s) e invertida (de izquierda a derecha). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Negativos fotogr\u00e1ficos <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un negativo fotogr\u00e1fico es una representaci\u00f3n directa de la luz que capt\u00f3 la placa o la pel\u00edcula cuando se abri\u00f3 el obturador al pulsar el bot\u00f3n de la c\u00e1mara. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cuando la luz entra en la c\u00e1mara y expone la placa h\u00fameda (en la \u00e9poca de Secondo Pia) o la pel\u00edcula, provoca una reacci\u00f3n qu\u00edmica que convierte los cristales de haluro de plata sensibles a la luz de la placa o la pel\u00edcula en plata met\u00e1lica. Esto crea una imagen negativa en la placa o pel\u00edcula, que es la inversa de la escena real que se captur\u00f3. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

El proceso de revelado consist\u00eda en colocar la placa expuesta en una soluci\u00f3n reveladora para transformar la imagen latente en una imagen negativa visible. A continuaci\u00f3n, se enjuagaba la placa para detener el proceso de revelado y se sumerg\u00eda en una soluci\u00f3n fijadora. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lo que quedaba era una imagen \u201cfijada\u201d a la pel\u00edcula. Esta imagen era un \u201cnegativo\u201d. Se llamaba as\u00ed porque los tonos se hab\u00edan invertido. Cuando se hac\u00eda una impresi\u00f3n a partir de la imagen de tonos invertidos del negativo, \u00e9sta sal\u00eda como una muestra tonal correcta, formando una imagen positiva que normalmente se imprim\u00eda en papel fotogr\u00e1fico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"OTH
El fot\u00f3grafo aficionado Secondo Pia fue el encargado de tomar las primeras fotograf\u00edas de la S\u00e1bana Santa. Utiliz\u00f3 un m\u00e9todo fotogr\u00e1fico de placa de vidrio transparente para capturar la imagen en placas de vidrio recubiertas con una soluci\u00f3n sensible a la luz.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La primera fotograf\u00eda de la S\u00e1bana Santa <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

El fot\u00f3grafo aficionado Secondo Pia fue el encargado de tomar las primeras fotograf\u00edas de la S\u00e1bana Santa. Utiliz\u00f3 un m\u00e9todo fotogr\u00e1fico de placa de vidrio transparente para capturar la imagen en placas de vidrio recubiertas con una soluci\u00f3n sensible a la luz. Su c\u00e1mara de gran formato le permit\u00eda obtener im\u00e1genes detalladas y controlar con precisi\u00f3n el enfoque, la perspectiva y la exposici\u00f3n. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pia tom\u00f3 sus fotograf\u00edas durante la noche del 28 al 29 de mayo de 1898 en la catedral de Tur\u00edn, donde se guardaba la S\u00e1bana Santa. Su trabajo incluy\u00f3 varias fotograf\u00edas de larga exposici\u00f3n de toda la longitud de la S\u00e1bana Santa. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tras exponer la placa de cristal a la imagen, Pia la sac\u00f3 de la c\u00e1mara y la revel\u00f3 en un cuarto oscuro. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

El proceso de revelado consist\u00eda en colocar la placa expuesta en una soluci\u00f3n reveladora para transformar la imagen latente en una imagen negativa visible. A continuaci\u00f3n, se enjuagaba la placa para detener el proceso de revelado y se sumerg\u00eda en una soluci\u00f3n fijadora. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Para crear una impresi\u00f3n positiva, se coloca papel fotogr\u00e1fico en contacto directo con la imagen negativa de la placa de cristal y se expone a la luz. La placa de cristal y el papel se separan y el papel fotogr\u00e1fico se procesa con productos qu\u00edmicos reveladores que reaccionan con la emulsi\u00f3n sensible a la luz del papel para revelar la imagen positiva. Tras aclarar, fijar y lavar el papel fotogr\u00e1fico, la impresi\u00f3n se seca al aire. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

El descubrimiento sorpresa <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cuando Pia revel\u00f3 las placas de vidrio, se sorprendi\u00f3 al descubrir que el negativo fotogr\u00e1fico se parec\u00eda m\u00e1s a una fotograf\u00eda totalmente revelada. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Las zonas oscuras de la imagen de la S\u00e1bana Santa aparec\u00edan como zonas claras, y las zonas claras aparec\u00edan como zonas oscuras. Sin embargo, las manchas de sangre aparec\u00edan como se esperaba, la sangre oscura se ve\u00eda blanca en el negativo fotogr\u00e1fico. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Normalmente, la imagen en positivo ofrece m\u00e1s detalle y claridad del sujeto, pero con la imagen de la S\u00e1bana Santa se produce una inversi\u00f3n total de los valores tonales. La imagen en negativo ofrece una imagen sorprendentemente clara del Hombre de la S\u00e1bana Santa. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Este descubrimiento desencaden\u00f3 la era de los estudios cient\u00edficos modernos sobre la S\u00e1bana Santa. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antes de las fotograf\u00edas de Pia, la tela hab\u00eda sido predominantemente un objeto de devoci\u00f3n religiosa. Con la revelaci\u00f3n de que el negativo fotogr\u00e1fico era mucho m\u00e1s claro y comprensible que la imagen natural visible a simple vista, cient\u00edficos e investigadores se interesaron por el estudio de esta misteriosa tela.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":707,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":true,"inline_featured_image":false},"deep-dives-articles-category":[26,27],"class_list":["post-682","deep-dives-article","type-deep-dives-article","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","deep-dives-articles-category-history","deep-dives-articles-category-science"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHow Early Cameras Worked - Othonia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/othonia.org\/es\/articulo-sobre-inmersiones-profundas\/como-funcionaban-las-primeras-camaras\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How Early Cameras Worked - Othonia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Basics The first cameras, also known as a camera obscura, consisted of a box with a small hole in one side or the top. 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